const vs readonly

Differences

1. const is used for variables

   const message = 'Hello';
   
   // Does not work
   message = 'World';

   While readonly is used for properties. The properties can be declared as a member of class

   class Triangle {
       public readonly numberOfVertices = 3;
   }
   
   const triangle = new Triangle();
   
   // Does not work
   triangle.numberOfVertices = 4;

   or type, interface:

   interface Person {
       firstName: string;
       lastName: string;
       readonly fullName: string;
   }

2. const declarations have to be initialized, and you can't reassign their values. The readonly properties can be reassigned in the constructor function.

   class Square {
       readonly numberOfVertices: number;
   
       constructor() {
           this.numberOfVertices = 4;
       }
   }

   The readonly properties could be changed if we don't pass their class or interface directly but passing an alias.
   Let's take a look at the Person interface above, and assume that we have the following function to update the person information:

   const updatePerson = (person: { firstName: string, lastName: string, fullName: string }) => {
       person.fullName = `\${firstName}, \${lastName}`;
   };

   We can update the fullName property because it's an property of person parameter:

   let person: Person = {
       firstName: 'Foo',
       lastName: 'Bar',
       fullName: 'Foo Bar',
   };
   
   updatePerson(person);
   
   person.fullName; // `Foo, Bar`

   Of course, the compiler will throw an error if we pass the original type Person:

   const updatePerson = (person: Person) => {
       // Error: Cannot assign to 'fullName' because it is a read only property
       person.fullName = `\${person.firstName}, \${person.lastName}`;
   };

Good to know

1. In a given class, if a property has only getter method and doesn't come with setter method, it will be treated as read only.

   class Square {
       side: number = 0;
   
       get area() {
           return this.side * this.side;
       }
   }
   
   const s = new Square();

   Setting s.area = 100 will throw an error because area is a ready only property.
2. In the React library, we don't change the props and state of a component directly. Because the props are immutable and the state could be updated via setState() method.
   React type definitions wrap the props and state in read only type.

   // P, S represents the props and state respectively
   class Component<P, S> {
       constructor(props: Readonly<P>);
   
       readonly props: Readonly<P> & Readonly<{ children?: ReactNode }>;
       state: Readonly<S>;
   }